Nucleosynthesis Essays - Nuclear Physics, Nuclear Chemistry

Nucleosynthesis The big bang which created the universe, only created the elements Hydrogen (H) and Helium (He) and possibly a very small amount of Lithium (Li). However, a glance at the periodic table of the elements shows that today (some 15 billion years after the big bang) there are at least 108 known elements. Every atom of every element heavier than Li has been produced since the big bang! The factories which make these elements are stars. Nucleosynthesis or the synthesis of nuclei, is the process by which stars (which start out consisting mostly of H and He) produce all other elements. The key is nuclear fusion, in which small nuclei are joined together to form a larger nucleus. (This contrasts with nuclear fission, in which a large nucleus breaks apart to form two smaller nuclei). Fusion requires an extremely large amount of energy (see fig. 1), and can typically only take place in the centers of stars. FIGURE 1 a) Low energy proton is strongly repelled by the 7Be nucleus.b) High energy proton moves so fast that it can strike the 7Be nucleus. Once the proton touches the nucleus, it has a chance to stick. If the proton sticks, the 7Be becomes a 8B nucleus.c) 8B is radioactive and changes into 8Be plus a positron (b+) and a neutrino (n). 8Be is itself radioactive, and almost immediately breaks into two 4He nuclei. Protons repel each other. This repulsion becomes stronger as the protons get closer together (just like when you try to stick two magnets together north to north, or south to south. Try this! As you push the magnets closer together, it becomes harder to do). However, if the protons can actually touch each other, they have a chance to stick together! This is because of the strong nuclear force which attracts nucleons (protons or neutrons) together, and is much stronger (at close range) than the electromagnetic force repulsion that makes protons repel other protons. (Magnets do not do this: two like poles will never stick together). In order to get a proton to strike another proton (or a nucleus that contains several protons) they must be traveling at high relative speeds; if their closing velocity is not great enough, they will never get close enough to stick together, because they strongly repel each other. But, just as you can make two of the same magnetic poles touch each other by providing sufficient force, so too can protons touch when they have sufficient relative speed. This can take place in the center of the sun, where the temperature is extremely high. Temperature is related to atomic motion: the hotter something is, the faster its atoms are moving [] see demo food coloring in water[]. Table 1 shows the nuclear reactions that are taking place in our sun, as well as nuclear reactions that take place in stars that are either older than our sun, or hotter than our sun. The reactions in columns 2 and 3 occur after a star has entered the red giant phase. How fast a star evolves to this point depends on its mass: stars heavier than the sun can reach this phase in less than 5 billion years (the age of the sun) whereas stars with about our sun's mass take about 10 billion years to get there. The particles you may be unfamiliar with are: n the neutrino, g a gamma ray (high energy light wave), and b+ the positron (the antimatter version of the electron). TABLE 1. NUCLEAR REACTIONS IN STARS OUR SUN NOW OLDER, OR HOTTER STARS p + p ? 2H + b+ + n 4He + 4He ? 8Be + g 12C + p ? 13N + g 2H + p ? 3He + g 8Be + 4He ? 12C + g 13N ? 13C + b+ + n 3He + 3He ? 4He + p + p 12C + 4He ? 16O + g T1/2 = 10 min 16O + 4He ? 20Ne + g 13C + p ? 14N + g 3He + 4He ? 7Be + g 20Ne + 4He ? 24Mg + g 14N + p ? 15O + g 7Be + p ? 8B + g 15O ? 15N + b+ + n 8B ? 8Be + b+ + n

Global Health and IT Solutions

Global Health and IT Solutions Executive Summary In the current society, the number of older people is gradually increasing and these seniors are in most cases living alone. As a consequence, they suffer intense feelings of loneliness that cause common medical problems observed among the older population. Previous studies have shown that older people are afraid of being alone and this causes anxiety and loneliness.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Global Health and IT Solutions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Because of their deteriorating health and mental and physical abilities, they are at times unable to perform the normal daily routines essential for their lives. These feelings of loneliness or the isolation of the older citizens can cause serious challenges in their lives and therefore the health of such people deteriorates very fast and can die sooner than they could have. Over the past decade, there have been great advances in the field of information technology and these changes have greatly revolutionized the way people interact, work and carry out their daily duties. The internet communication and personal gadgets have transformed services to people and that people are now enjoying easier and faster access to things via digital means. However, in the ages over 65, people seem not to consider new technology as useful for survival and performing important tasks. Introduction Topic Area A very large number of older people report that they do not use even the internet. This bring a great challenge to the fact that it is this basic digital technology that can help solve the problems of the older people’s isolation like developing and maintain social networks and participating in the communities and conducting their private lives actively (Findlay 2003, p. 650). Technology use among the older people has a great potential of bringing great social benefit to the older people like participation (Pollack 200 5, p. 10). This proposal is set to demonstrate that technology has the potential and the ability of enabling older people in their bid of renewing and developing social contact and actively involving their lives. Having considered all this, the use of IT technology can offer older people a chance to engage in meaningful work and other task essential in life (Rogers Fisk, 2006, p. 39).Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Interaction with family and friends will be renewed and these older people can discover and build up skills as well as gather experience. Research Questions The study will be based on the hypothesis that the information technology advances and innovativeness can offer older people with a means of actively interacting with other people and participating actively in other personal activities (Independent Age 2010, p. 10). This technology will enable prevention of the feelings of isolation among older people so that they do not suffer loneliness and social seclusion (Victor et al 2005, p. 358). The impact of isolation and loneliness is caused by a number of causes including retirement, deteriorating physical and mental health and bereavement (Independent Age 2010, p. 10). The core questions that have inspired this study include; How can IT technology be used in the prevention and alleviation of the feeling of social seclusion and loneliness among senior citizens over 65 years? What potential does the IT have to enable older people to develop and maintain social contact and active involvement in the society, both which are the main elements of wellbeing and happiness? (Zijlstra Aminian 2008, p. 4) Governments across the world especially the developed nations are making it a priority to invest in technology that would improve the access to new technology by older people as well as those living with disabilities (Pollack 2005, p. 10). The major question emerging from this is ‘to what end is digital participation going to take place? More specifically, this bring the third question Is there any sufficient rationally given to the use of IT to address challenges of older people? (Independent Age 2010, p. 10) Does this strategy really provide a meaningful social interaction and involvement? Objectives of Study The research will seek to fulfil several objectives which at the end of it all will enable older people to be active in the society and alleviate social isolation feelings (Findlay 2003, p. 650). Nonetheless, the research will also seek to address the use of IT as a threat to health and general welfare of older people. Older usually present several weaknesses like hearing loss, impaired vision, memory lapse, physical weakness, and poor health; From this, the study draws the main objective which is to do away with the view that older people are weak, depended and incapable of managing their lives (Independent Age 2010, p. 10).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Global Health and IT Solutions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other goal will include ensuring that people live longer, healthy and satisfying lives; and that older generation also participant in the society actively. Lack of social contact and involvement is a dimension of seclusion and the study will seek to alleviate this exclusion. Moreover, exclusion and loneliness contributes to high prevalence of mental problems like depression. This study will also seek to alleviate the health problems facing older people like stress and depression (Independent Age 2010, p. 17). Literature Review Innovative IT Application for Older Users IT application can be used to enable older people to escape such social isolation (Findlay 2003, p. 652). This is a very reasonable hypothesis and a timely research especially that the current society relies on techno logy for fast and cheap means of interaction with friends, family and even work (Charness et al 2007, p. 249). Many people usually develop great social networks through technology advances and this supplements periodic direct contact with people of shared interests (Victor et al 2005, p. 359). This proposal purports that technology provides the needed solutions to older people. It will hence seek to explore the barriers to the application of IT and later the study will be used to devise recommendations on the best way of applying this theme in future. This paper proposes the following ways of helping the older people to continue living independently and stay active in the society. Social Communication technologies: the use of IT can offer simple use of telephone and video communication like broadband technologies. This will enable older people to keep in touch with family and friends hence eliminating the feeling of seclusion. Note that many people over 65 year across the world live alone (Victor et al 2005, p. 359).Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Security and Safety Gadgets: there has been great step up is security technologies and Smart house technology can help in ensuring that the house is secure (close doors and windows) at night or when a person leaves the house (Cheek et al 2005, p. 331). This technology and devices can also other things around the house like gas and water leaks and turning off unwanted lights. Plus, automatic alarms can go off to remind or call for help (Rogers Fisk 2006, p. 39). Shopping, travelling and Social services access: the internet technology currently allows online purchase of items and many businesses also offer home delivery. This way, older people can access public services through online technology and shop for whatever things they need with relying on others Reminders: Memory lapse is a serious challenge for the older people and the problems gets worse with age. By using programmed digital reminders, the elderly van have a schedule for the day and also set alarms for important activiti es like taking medication or doing a household task (Zijlstra Aminian 2008, p. 4) Mobility and User Friendly interface: mobile solution devices can be used together with GPS and other sensors for crucial signs to help older people to move around and be able to access alarm button in case of emergency or deteriorating vital signs (Lezzoni et al 2001, p. 238). Besides, many types of equipment at home and around the compound can be designed to meet the needs of older people like impaired eyesight, mobility and hearing. For the purposes of this research the initials ‘IT’ will be used to refer to these five technologies of overcoming old age challenges. Old age brings a lot of complications especially physical and mental capability challenges (McCreadie Tinker 2005, p. 91). Besides, the issue of social isolation is a serious concern being caused by several factors including death of spouse, poor sight and hearing sense, chronic medical problems and scattering of family mem bers (McCreadie Tinker 2005, p. 91). Despite the cause, the consequences can have a great toll on the life of older people who form a big percentage of the normal population. Ambient Assisted Living The has been development of a system that is known as the â€Å"Ambient Assisted Living† and it refers to the phenomenon where information technology is used to carry out personal activities on daily duties and work making the individual stay active and socially productive (McCreadie Tinker 2005, p. 93; Charness et al 2007, p. 249). Essentially, the use of ICT to ensure independent living among older people can be as simple as the use of an alarm or digital reminders to taking medicine and so on (Rogers Fisk 2006, p. 39). However, technology use can be as sophisticated as to employ a system that can project the time when a person has highest risk of falling (Lezzoni et al 2001, p. 238). Such is however, applicable when there has been a great loss of individual independence. Des pite technology being very simple or complex, the principle of this ambient technology has been that technology has to serve the user. Methodology Method and Design The study will be set to investigate some of the innovative means of applying IT to provide the elderly with ways of dealing with their challenges that come with old age. The study will be descriptive and will employ both the qualitative and quantitative research methods to investigate some ground-breaking technologies of engaging older people in community and personal lives. The investigator will conduct some literature search to find out literature that addresses technology that has been used for these purposes. This is the secondary search. Besides the investigator will conduct primary study on real participants who use IT for managing their lives. Data Collection The researcher will interview participants regarding their quality of life as they utilize IT for their personal daily activities and keeping contact with f riends and families. The outcomes will be analyzed against the control group which is a group of older people who do not use technology for their daily activities. Data Analysis For the systematic literature review, the investigator will use recursive abstractions to analyze the data collected so as to come up with the relevant summaries for the proposal. The qualitative data is hence interpreted without making codes and picking relevant topics for study. The questionnaires will be checked for completeness, consistency and accuracy before leaving the location of study. The data will be entered into a computer and sorted. The researcher will be analyze the data by use of the computer software including Microsoft excel and SPSS. These tools are very useful for analyzing descriptive statistics. Significance of Study As a society today, there has been increased survival of older people due to better healthcare systems and lifestyle. As such, the developed nations have greater numbers of older citizens. However, this elderly population has been facing challenges of dependence, loneliness, and social isolation as most live alone (Findlay, 2003, p. 653). As the IT develops further, the society today depends on technology for a lot of assistances like cure of diseases, dealing with crime and achieving vitality among elderly people. The study will contribute deeper to the use of IT to address the social challenges that the elderly face. It is purported that IT will have a positive impact on the functioning of older people in their homes thus removing the notion that they are always dependent (Sixsmith et al 2009, p. 234). This technology will also help them to stay in touch or keep contact with friends and family. The older people can as well participate in community activities by working. This project will seek to make technology use a normal thing, reduce stigma on older people and offer social support that have previously been overlooked (Victor et al 2005, p. 363). When proper use of IT is made possible at home, this would be a much cheaper and a secure way of caring for the old than using institutional care. When the elderly are independent and actively participating in the community, it means family member will have more time to attend other economically beneficial activities hence meaning that the society more productive (Charness et al 2007, p. 249). This also means that there will be less medical costs as the old will be more health and in case they are on medication, they are like to adhere to it full by help of IT (reminders etc). Therefore health cost will drastically reduce. Conclusion With many people in developed nations like the UK and US living longer, the number of people above age 65 has skyrocketed. A considerable number are even aged 85 and above. Ensuring that these longer lives are healthier and still satisfying is the grand challenge the world has to face. IT experts are working hard to ensure that the aging population of today and the future can protract their vitality. This proposal study suggests ways of helping the older people to live independently as much as possible and enable them stay involved in the community and at work. The study also offers ways of helping care givers to provide better care and also this will seek to explore the diverse needs of older people. For the older people, small issues like poor eyesight and short-term memory lapses can rapidly exacerbate to be big problems like loss of home and total dependence on others. A stay at nursing home or adapting a whole system of assisted living is very expensive but this paper seeks to offer simple, cheap, innovative and sustainable IT technologies to help older people remain independent an making sure their homes assist and not hamper them. The use of IT will transform homes into ‘supplement minds’ for the seniors and it would bridge the gap that exists between the cognitive needs and the capabilities of the old. In ess ence an aware home greatly builds independence. Reference List Charness, N., Czaja, S., and Sharit, J., 2007, Age and Technology For Work. In K.S. Schultz, And G.A. Adams (Eds.), Aging And Work In the 21st Century, Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers Cheek, P. Nikpour, L , Nowlin, H., 2005. Aging Well With Smart Technology. Nursing Administration Quarterly, Vol. 29, Issue 4, pp. 329-338 Findlay, R. A., 2003. Interventions To Reduce Social Isolation Amongst Older People: Where Is The Evidence? Ageing Society, Vol. 23, No. 5, pp. 647–658. Lezzoni, L., McCarthy, E., Davis, R., Siebens. H., 2001. Mobility Difficulties Are Not Only A Problem Of Old Age,’ Journal of General Internal Medicine, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 235-243. Independent Age, 2010. Older People, Technology And Community The Potential Of Technology To Help Older People Renew Or Develop Social Contacts And To Actively Engage In Their Communities. Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation McCreadie, C., T inker, A., 2005. The Acceptability of Assistive Technology to Older People. Ageing And Society, Vol. 25, Issue 1, pp. 91-110 Pollack, M., 2005. Intelligent Technology for an Aging Population: The Use of AI to Assist Elders with Cognitive Impairment. AI Magazine, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 9-24 Rogers, W.A., Fisk, A.D., 2006. Cognitive Support For Elders Through Technology, Generations. Journal Of The American Society on Aging, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 38-43 Sixsmith, A. et al., 2009. SOPRANO – An Ambient Assisted Living System For Supporting Older People At Home. Ambient Assistive Health And Wellness Management In The Heart Of The City, Vol. 5597, pp 233-236 Victor, C.R., Scambler, S. J., Bowling, A., Bond, J., 2005. The Prevalence Of, And Risk Factors For, Loneliness in Later Life: A survey of older people in Great Britain. Ageing and Society, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 357–375 Zijlstra, V., Aminian, K., 2008. Mobility Assessment in Older People: New Possibilities and Challenges. Eur opean Journal of Aging. Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 3-12.

Writing Editing

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International trade Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International trade - Assignment Example With due consideration to the various assumptions made by John Miller in his article, the discussion henceforth will intend to discuss the impact of the then working condition towards the development of the nations. Therefore, the evaluation of the arguments will consider the theories of Mercantilism, Liberalism and Marxism to define the actual notion presented through the article in relation to labour and economic development. Discussion Position of the Article in the Wider Debates in International Political Economy The phenomenon considered in the article concentrates on the Anti-Sweatshop movement held during the 1990s by young students, especially in American and European industrial regions. The sole concern behind this movement was to mitigate the violation of labour rules in respect of wages, child labour practices and safety measures along with health related issues (United States General Accounting Office, 1988). In this context, the term ‘Sweatshop’ is referred as the working conditions or rather environment where labours need to work for extra hours on a regular basis following rules which apparently disregard human values in relation to the minimum wage rate, or minimum working hours (Arnold & Hartman, 2010). The article further presents a view on the positive role of low wages for the labours working in Sweatshop which can be understood with reference to the Liberal approach of international trade theory. The two most apparent assumptions considered under this theory can be identified in terms that liberalisation denotes a massive inclusion of the government in deliberating the rules and policies concerning employment. This further exhibits the significance of freedom to be enjoyed by labourers through human rights and the role of free markets in the overall development of the economy (Slaughter, 1995). Emphasising on the liberal economic theory, the discussion of the article tends to elaborate on the economists’ view in favour o f the imposition of legal codes to ensure that every factory abodes by the policies which in turn guide the ‘freedom of human rights’. The article further elaborates on the fact that the employees of factories should be treated with equality and liberty in their workplaces with the aid of proper safety and healthcare measures in order to mitigate the conflicts arising and thereby ensuring better economic growth. As connoted by Miller (2003), â€Å"What to do about sweatshops? This is not a difficult question for most main-stream economists to answer. Just enforce law, they say† (pp. 131). However, on the contrary, the discussion in the article also deliberated that a certain degree of freedom was enjoyed by the labourers by willingly opting for such hard works to earn a relatively better pay than that offered by other sectors. The discussed theories of the article also states the economists’ views about the overall labour market development so as to improv e economic conditions which can be illustrated with the help of Mercantilism approach to international trade. The Mercantilism approach attempts to pay major attention to the significance

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 15

Marketing - Essay Example Just low fares would not attract the required customer level, and so value for money is another objective of Southwest Airlines. So though the service offered is a no frills one, Southwest Airlines has targeted excellence in customer service to provide an extra boost to the value of the service. This has paid rich dividends, as can be seen from the accolades that Southwest Airlines has received consistently received, and is the only business enterprise in its sector of industry to do so. The Fortune magazine in its annual ratings has consistently placed Southwest Airlines among the most admired companies in the United States of America. In essence it is the understanding, and utilization of the human asset in an organization that provides the capacity to an organization to maintain low cost levels in its operation. This factor of this strength of the human asset in Southwest Airlines enables it not just to maintain low cost levels, but also to meet the challenges that come with adverse times. Southwest Airlines has employee strength of approximately thirty-two thousand, and in keeping with the philosophy of their founder Kelleher, remain an asset that is accorded the highest priority. Kelleher believed that a high employee morale, reduces employee turnover, and that helps to maintain low costs. The employees of Southwest Airlines enjoy facilities of profit sharing and stock purchases, and are encouraged to make the working environment more pleasurable. The result of these actions could be seen in the aftermath of the September 2001, when the airline industry went through a crisis. The support of the employees enabl ed Southwest Airlines to be the only airline that did not cut the number of its flights and lay-off employees, and surprisingly offer lower fares too, despite the sharp drop in passenger traffic. By November of that year, while the airline industry reported a drop of sixteen percent in comparison to the previous year,

Accountability for Reasonableness for Priority Setting

Accountability for Reasonableness for Priority Setting Essay Accountability for Reasonableness, for priority setting and resource allocation. INTRODUCTION Pakistan as a developing country has very limited health care resources when  considering a huge population of over 170 million. We have very few tertiary care  hospitals and they are providing services to the whole country. Majority of people in  our country are poor and they are unable to afford the expenses of private hospitals,  though private hospitals are also very few. Thousands of doctors are unemployed  and still we have shortage of doctors. Majority of BHU (Basic Health Units) are  closed as majority of doctors belong to urban areas and they don’t want to work in  remote village areas. In all these situations, it is very difficult to maintain health  care throughout country. In this essay, I will take into account four conditions of  accountability for reasonableness for priority setting and resource allocation. I will  take into account these four conditions by Norman Daniels and I will consider a  tertiary care hospital scenario where I did my house job in medicine ward last year. There were majority of patients suffering from chronic liver diseases (CLD). I will  further continue this essay in discussion. DISCUSSION Before discussing the four conditions of accountability for reasonableness, I will  briefly discuss the case scenario. In my medicine ward as I earlier said majority of  patients were of chronic liver diseases (CLD) and it includes Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C  and cirrhosis of liver. Cirrhosis is the end result of hepatocellular injury that leads  to both fibrosis and nodular regeneration throughout the liver. The clinical features  result from hepatic cell dysfunction, portosystemic shunting, and portal  hypertension. Cirrhosis may cause no symptoms for long periods. One of the major  complications is uppergastrointestinal tract bleeding which may occur from varices,  portal hypertensive gastropathy, or gastroduodenal ulcer. Hemorrhage may be  massive, resulting in fatal exsanguinations or enencephalopathy. Esophageal varices  are found in 50 % of patients with cirrhosis. There are several treatment and  management options available for esophageal varices includin g acute resuscitation  as initial management, pharmacologic therapy, balloon tube tamponade, portal  decompressive procedures and emergent endoscopy. Endoscopic techniques are also  used for prevention of Rebleeding. 1. Now, I will discuss my case scenario. In our  hospital there is one associate professor who is trained in doing endoscopy and  Wednesday is fixed for performing endoscopies. Emergent endoscopy is performed  after the patient’s hemodynamic status has been appropriately stabilized (usually  within 2-12 hours). Majority of poor patients come to hospital in end stage liver  diseases. I have taken this case series as it is a perfect example of scarce resources. Many patients faced problems as their endoscopies were not performed on time as  there was only one day fixed in a week. Now I will apply the four conditions of  accountability for reasonableness for priority setting and resource allocation. These  four conditions are publicity condition, relevance condition, revisions and appeals  condition and regulative condition. Accountability for reasonableness makes it  possible to educate all stakeholders about the substance of deliberation about fair  decisions under resource constraints. It facilitates social learning about limits. It  connects decision making in healthcare institutions to broader, more fundamental  democratic deliberative processes. 2. In my case scenario I will apply the four  conditions as follows. The first one is publicity condition. It states that decisions  regarding limits to care and their rationales must be publicly accessible to clinicians,  patients, and citizens in a publicly administered system. When the patients suffer  the complication of esophageal varices, they are informed about the limited capacity  of the ward to arrange endoscopy as it is done on only Wednesdays and surgical  ward have their own burden of patients to be done endoscopies, due to this reason  we were unable to send patients to surgical wards and the patients and their  relatives mostly agrees on this setup and if their was any emergency only then we  take help from surgical ward or send the patients to any other hospital, so the first  condition is fulfilled. In above scenario second condition is also fulfilled which isrelevance condition. It states that the reasons for limit-setting decisions will be  reasonable if it appeals to evidence, reason, and principles that are accepted as  relevant by fair-minded people who are disposed to finding mutually justifiable  terms of cooperation. In my case scenario the decision making is according to the  framework. The rationales w ere reasonable as it is evident that we had limited  facility of endoscopy and it was fairly accepted by patients and their relatives and  also by doctors and other hospital staff. In our setup priority was given to those  patients who needed emergency endoscopy rather than those who requires  endoscopy for diagnostic procedures. The third condition is revisions and appeals  condition. This condition is a very common problem in government hospitals and in  our scenario we request consultants from surgical ward to do emergency endoscopy  if we think patient is serious and he or she may die if the endoscopy is not  performed on time or in other case the other hospital is very far so that it will be late  if we send the patient to other setup and here comes the function of oncall  consultants also, the oncall consultants plays huge role in these emergency  situations. This third condition is a mechanism for challenge and dispute resolution regarding limit setting decisions, including the opportunity for revising decisions in  light of further evidence or arguments. 3. Thus we fulfill the third condition also by  revising our decisions as I explained above. The fourth and last condition is  regulative condition or enforcement. There is either voluntary or public regulation  of the process to ensure that conditions 1-3 are met. This condition is also fulfilled in  our setup as we communicate with the patient and their relatives about our limited  resources. We are able to convince patients in our case scenario. The hospital  leadership is constantly making efforts to meet the conditions of ‘accountability for  reasonableness’. 4. CONCLUSION In this essay I have discussed all four conditions of accountability for  reasonableness, for priority setting and resource allocation. ‘Accountability for  reasonableness’ is a framework that can be used to guide legitimate and fair priority  setting in health care organizations, such as hospitals. In our beloved country  Pakistan we have few government civil hospitals bearing the burden of millions of  population. We try our best to server the humanity. Iam not claiming this system a  perfect one, it needs a lot of improvement and the example is my case scenario in  which we have very limited resources. Government should establish civil hospitals in  small cities also and should increase their budget; they should recruit more doctors  and nurses as we have shortage. They should train doctors with latest equipments  and provide hospitals appropriate medicines. In addition to this all the hospitals  should be provided with computers and also be made online so that a data system  can be established and it can help the patients and also hospitals for future  reference. I will conclude by saying that in such scarce resources, government sector  hospitals are doing excellent job. REFERENCES Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2004. 43rd edition. Norman Daniels. (2000). Accountability for reasonableness. BMJ; 321; 1300-  1301. D K Martin, P A Singer and M Bernstein. (2003). Access to intensive care  unit beds for neurosurgery patients: a qualitative case study. J. Neurol.  Neurosurg. Psychiatry; 74; 1299-1303. Jennifer AH Bell, Sylvia Hyland, Tania DePellegrin, Ross EG Upshur, Mark  Bernstein and Douglas K Martin. (2004). SARS and hospital priority setting:  a qualitative case study and evaluation. BMC Health Services Research, 4:36

Autobiography of a Classroom Essay

I am a very big classroom in a well-known public school. I cater to needs of the kindergarten class of the school, accommodating I think about eighty five children, a big number isn’t it? I understand that I am the best looking room in the school as, the very small children study here. I am very attractively decorated so that the little ones like to come here every day. The room that is me – is decorated with beautiful coloured pictures. The walls are a blend of some colours I do not know the names of. The furniture that is placed in the length and breadth of the room consists of small round tables to seat four children on each table, and the chairs are also tiny. That is not all, all the furniture is a mixture of many colours. When the children come inside the class they almost fight to sit on certain chairs. That makes me understand that they like the colours and fight for their favourite colours to sit on. At the top two ends of the length of the classroom there are two bigger tables and full size chairs for the teachers to sit. Since there are so many children there are two teachers while in other classes there is only one each. I am a treat for everyone to see. My pleasure knows no bounds when everyone who comes inside the class, admires me, appreciates my get up and the colours that don me. I have the twin advantage of being the most beautiful room in the school and also having the cutest of children coming to spend their time with me. Thus, my life is full of beauty, colour, noise and laughter and at times of course also crying and howling of the children. At times some new entrants to the school come to me with their mothers and, cry as if they had come to the slaughter house to be butchered. At such moments even by heart cries for the little ones and I wonder why man makes these little children come to study if they do not want to. I of course do not know how important studies are for human children, I only feel sad seeing the children cry. My life is full of a very busy schedule though very interesting. The routine of my daily life is so busy that, I do not get any relief for quite long hours. In the morning as early as 6 a. m. wo sweepers come open the lock of my room or rather me, and off they start working on me. They sweep my floor, squab it, dust each and every piece of the furniture in me. Thus, I get alerted as soon the room is unlocked. It is not even 8 a. m. when the little brats start pouring inside my body’s doors. At times they enter with so much noise that my whole body feels the rattle of it all. Their movements are so loud that now, I cannot even think of any rest. School bags get flung, tiffin boxes are strewn all about, water bottles are kept just anywhere and there is a lot of commotion all over. Soon the maid enters the room and keeps everything in order and my appearance at once improves and I look tidy and well kept. For these small ones the school hours are just three from, 8 a. m. to 11 a. m. These three hours is my duty time, and just is the time when I also get the day’s entertainment. Being a classroom for the Kindergarten children I get a great chance of hearing conversations between the teachers and the parents. Since this is the first time their children have entered school, parents devote a lot of time to talking about the school and its standards. At times I find that some parents are just too critical and, inspite of getting all the best in this school they always seem to be unhappy and dissatisfied with something or the other in the school. Such parents keep lecturing about things missing in the classroom, the school or even in the playground. When I hear such complaints, my heart sinks and I wonder if they will allow or not allow their children to come to me any more,. For such conversations I have understood that, these days parents pamper the children too much, and it seems that they can never yes, never be satisfied. I am quite surprised to see the vast difference in opinions. While on the one hand I, and also many parents think that I am very beautiful, well kept, and decorated, others of the same clan are always complaining of many defects in my appearance. This gives me a feeling of depression and I do wonder if I can do anything in the matter. After some thinking bouts, I realize that, I can do nothing to satisfy these unhappy parents. I am just here in the hands of the school authorities and stand here as and how they keep me. My working hours are just six, from 6 a. m. when sweepers enter to say 12 noon when I am locked after all children go. After my duty hours I just relax but also feel lonely. No matter what is said about me, I am thoroughly enjoying my life in the cute company of little children. Their company makes me also feel young though now I am quite old. Every summer vacation I am painted afresh, my furniture is painted, and, I am ready to welcome my little friends, new and old with a new look, new enthusiasm and renewed vigour. I pray that my life is forever allowed to remain so interesting and so relaxed. I just love all the children and teachers who come here to me, to work and play in the restricted area within my four walls.